Baseline Analysis of the Kwenda Cash Transfer Program and its Implications for the Living Conditions of the Communities of Huíla, Cunene, and Cuando Cubango

Abstract

This study analyzes the baseline of the Kwenda Cash Transfer Program in the provinces of Huíla, Cunene, and Cuando Cubango (Cubango), highlighting its implications for reducing social vulnerability and strengthening human capital. The research, a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach, involved 3,792 households and 55 focus groups, using questionnaire surveys and interviews, as well as the construction of a Social Vulnerability Index. In this study, the education dimension was considered for the Social Vulnerability Index. The results revealed high levels of multidimensional poverty, low educational attainment, and a high risk of school exclusion, especially in rural areas, despite the physical proximity to schools. The Kwenda program was found to play a significant role in the immediate reduction of extreme poverty by guaranteeing a basic income and promoting greater access to essential services. It also has indirect effects on school access and retention by alleviating financial barriers for families and reducing the risk of school dropout. However, challenges related to coverage, sustainability, and adaptation to cultural and territorial specificities limit the program's impact. We conclude that the Kwenda program should be understood not only as an income transfer mechanism, but as part of an integrated social protection and human capital investment strategy, with the potential to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in Angola.