Analysis of natural regeneration of vegetation in areas affected by mining activities in Serra do Cristo-Rei, Lubango-Angola

Abstract

Mining activity is fundamental to the Angolan economy, accounting for approximately 14% of exports in 2024; however, it generates significant environmental impacts, particularly related to deforestation. Huíla Province concentrates around 96% of the country’s ornamental stone extraction, resulting in the reduction of native vegetation formations due to anthropogenic activities. To mitigate these effects, replanting and environmental recovery techniques are required, as stipulated in the regulatory framework for mining activities, which emphasizes the assessment of impacts on physical, biotic, and anthropic environments, as well as the revegetation of degraded areas. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze vegetation regeneration in ornamental stone quarrying areas in Serra do Cristo Rei, Lubango municipality, Huíla Province. The assessment was based on the evaluation of floristic diversity and richness indices, estimation of natural regeneration. To ensure greater robustness, spectral indices were also calculated - namely, the Composite Biomass Index, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) - which provided an overall perspective of the region’s vegetation cover. The results indicated low species richness and diversity, reflected in reduced SAVI values and altitude, with limited vegetation cover and a predominance of pioneer species. However, plots 4, 8, and 9 exhibited higher diversity, associated with the specific environmental conditions of those sites. The study highlights the need for management and restoration strategies to foster natural regeneration and mitigate the impacts of mining activities on the region’s native vegetation.